APPENDIX-A
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1.1
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Pharmaceutics I |
1.2
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Pharmaceutical Chemistry I |
1.3
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Pharmacognosy |
1.4
|
Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology |
1.5
|
Human Anatomy & Physiology |
1.6
|
Health Education & Community Pharmacy |
2.1
|
Pharmaceutics II |
2.2
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Pharmaceutical Chemistry II |
2.3
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Pharmacology and Toxicology |
2.4
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Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence |
2.5
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Drug Store & Business management |
2.6
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Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy |
DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY (PART
–I)
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PHARMACEUTICS –I
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1. Introduction of different dosage forms. Their classification with
examples-their relative applications. Familiarisation with new drug delivery systems.
2. Introduction to Pharmacopoeias with special reference to the Indian
Pharmacopoeia.
3. Metrology–Systems of weights and measures. Calculations including
conversion from one to another system. Percentage calculations and adjustments
of products. Use of alligation method in
calculations, Isotonic solutions.
4. Packing of Pharmaceuticals–Desirable features of a
container–types of containers. Study of glass and plastics as materials
for containers and rubber as material for closures-their merits and demerits.
Introduction to aerosol packaging.
5. Size
reduction Objectives, and factors affecting size reduction,
methods of size reduction–Study of
Hammer mill, Ball mill, Fluid Enegy Mill and Disintegrator.
6. Size separation–Size separation by sifting. Official Standard for
powders. Sedimentation methods of size separation. Construction and working of
cyclone separator.
7. Mixing
and Homogenisation–Liquid mixing and
powder mixing, Mixing of
semisolids, Study of Silverson Mixer–Homogeniser, Planetary Mixer;
Agitated powder
mixer; Triple Roller Mill;
Propeller Mixer, Colloid Mill and Hand Homogeniser. Double cone mixer.
8. Clarification and Filtration –Theory of filtration, Filter media;
Filter aids and selection of filters. Study of the following filtration
equipments–Filter Press, Sintered Filters, Filter Candles, Metafilter.
9. Extraction and Galenicals–(a) Study of
percolation and maceration and their modification, continuous hot
extraction–Applications in the preparation of tinctures and extracts.
(b) Introduction to Ayurvedic dosage forms.
10. Heat processes Evaporation–Definition Factors
affecting evaporation –Study of evaporating still and Evaporating Pan.
11. Distillation–Simple distillation and Fractional
distillation; Steam distillation and vacuum distillation. Study of vacuum
still, preparation of Purified Water I.P. and water for injection I.P.
Construction and working of the still used for the same.
12. Introduction to drying processes–Study of Tray
Dryers: Fluidized Bed Dryer, Vacuum Dryer and Freeze Dryer.
13. Sterilization–Concept of sterilization and its
differences from disinfection –Thermal resistance of micro–organisms. Detailed
study of the following sterilization process.
(i) Sterilization
with moist heat,
(ii) Dry heat sterilization,
(iii) Sterilization by radiation,
(iv) Sterilization by filtration
and
(v) Gaseous sterilization.
Aseptic
techniques. Application of sterilization processes in hospitals particularly with reference
to surgical dressings and intravenous fluids. Precautions for
safe and effective handling of sterilization equipment.
14.
Processing of Tablets-Definition; Different types of
compressed tablets and their
properties. Processes involved in the production
of tablets; Tablets excipients;
Defects in tablets.
Evaluation of Tablets; Physical
Standards including Disintegration and
Dissolution. Tablet coating–sugar
coating; film coating, enteric coating and microencapsulation (Tablet
coating may be dealt in an elementary manner.)
15. Processing of Capsules–Hard and soft gelatin
capsules; different sizes capsules; filling of capsules; handling and storage
of capsules, Special applications of capsules.
16. Study of immunological products like sera vaccines, toxoids & their preparations.
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PRACTICAL (100 hours)
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Preparation (minimum number stated against each) of the following categories illustrating different techniques involved.
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1.
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Aromatic waters |
3
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2.
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Solutions |
4
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3.
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Spirits |
2
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4.
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Tinctures |
4
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5.
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Extracts |
2
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6.
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Creams |
2
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7.
|
Cosmetic preparations |
3
|
8.
|
Capsules |
2
|
9.
|
Tablets |
2
|
10.
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Preparations involving sterilization |
2
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11.
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Ophthalmic preparations |
2
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12.
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Preparations involving aseptic techniques |
2
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Books Recommended : (Latest editions)
1.Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
2.The Extra Pharmacopoeia –Martindale.
1.2 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY -I
Theory (75 hours)
1.General
discussion on the following inorganic compounds including important
physical and chemical properties, medicinal and Pharmaceutical uses,
storage conditions and chemical incompatibility.
(A) Acids, bases
and buffers Boric acid*, Hydrochloric acid, strong ammonium hydroxide,
Calcium hydroxide, Sodium hydroxide and official buffers.
(B)
Antioxidants–Hypophosphorous acid, Sulphur dioxide, Sodium bisulphite,
Sodium metabisulphite, Sodium thiosulphate, Nitrogen and Sodium
Nitrite.
(C) Gastrointestinal agents--
(i) Acidifying agents, Dilute hydrochloric acid.
(ii)
Antacids-Sodium bicarbonate, Aluminium hydroxide gel, Aluminium
Phosphate, Calcium carbonate, Magnesium carbonate, Magnesium
trisilicate, Magnesium oxide, Combinations of antacid preparations.
(iii) Protectives and Adsorbents –Bismuth subcarbonate and Kaolin.
(iv) Saline Cathartics –Sodium potassium tartrate and Magnesium sulphate.
(D) Topical Agents-
(i) Protectives-Talc, Zinc Oxide, Calamine, Zinc stearate, Titanium dioxide, Silicone polymers.
(ii)
Antimicrobials and Astringents–Hydrogen peroxide*, Potassium
permanganate, Chlorinated lime, Iodine, Solutions of Iodine,
Povidone-iodine, Boric acid, Borax. Silver nitrate, Mild silver protein,
Mercury, Yellow mercuric oxide, Ammoniated mercury.
(iii) Sulphur and its compounds–Sublimed sulphur precipitated sulphur, selenium sulphide.
(iv) Astringents:-Alum and Zinc Sulphate.
(E) Dental
Products–Sodium Floride, Stannous Flouride, Calcium carbonate, Sodium
metaphosphate, Dicalcium phosphate, Strontium chloride, Zinc chloride.
(F) Inhalants–Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Nitrous oxide.
(G) Respiratory stimulants–Ammonium Carbonate.
(H) Expectorants and Emetics–Ammonium chloride , *Potassium iodide, Antimony potassium tartarate.
(I) Antidotes-Sodium nitrate.
2. Major Intra and Extracellular electrolytes-
(A) Electrolytes used for replacement therapy –Sodium chloride and its preparations, Potassium chloride and its preparations.
(B) Physiological
acid-base balance and electrolytes used-Sodium acetate, Potassium
acetate, Sodium bicarbonate injection, Sodium citrate, Potassium
citrate, Sodium lactate injection, Ammonium chloride and its injection.
(C) Combination of oral electrolyte powders and solutions.
3. Inorganic Official compounds of Iron, Iodine, and, Calcium Ferrous Sulfate and Calcium gluconate.
4.Radio pharmaceuticals and Contrast
media-Radio activity-Alpha, Beta and Gamma Radiations, Biological
effects of radiations, Measurement of radio activity, G. M. Counter
Radio isotopes their uses, storage and precautions with special
reference to the official preparations.Radio opaque Contrast
media–Barium sulfate.
5.Quality control of Drugs and
Pharmaceuticals-Importance of quality control, significant errors,
methods used for quality control, sources of impurities in
Pharmaceuticals, Limit tests for Arsenic, chloride, sulphate, Iron and
Heavy metals.
6.Identification tests for cations and anions as per Indian Pharmacopoeia.
PRACTICAL (75 hours)
1. Identification tests for inorganic compounds particularly drugs and pharmaceuticals.
2. Limit test for chloride, sulfate, Arsenic, Iron and Heavy metals.
3. Assay of inorganic Pharmaceuticals involving each of the following methods of compounds marked with (*) under theory.
a. Acid-Base titrations (atleast 3)
b. Redox titrations (One each of Permanganometry and iodimetry)
c. Precipitation titrations (atleast 2)
d. Complexometric titrations (Calcium and Magnesium)
Book recommended (Latest editions)
Indian Pharmacopoeia.
1.3 PHARMACOGNOSYTheory
(75 hours)
1. Definition, history and scope of Pharmacognosy including indigenous system of medicine.
2. Various systems of classification of drugs of natural origin.
3. Adulteration and drug evaluation; significance of Pharmacopoeial standards.
4. Brief outline
of occurrence, distribution, outline of isolation, identification
tests, therapeutic effects and pharmaceutical applications of
alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, volatile oils, tannins and resins.
5. Occurrence,
distribution, organoleptic evaluation, chemical constituents including
tests wherever applicable and therapeutic efficacy of following
categories of drugs.
(a) Laxatives: Aloes, Rhuburb, Castor oil, Ispaghula, Senna.
(b) Cardiotonics-Digitalis, Arjuna.
(c) Carminatives & G.I. regulators
–Umbelliferous fruits, Coriander, Fennel, Ajowan, Cardamom Ginger,
Black pepper, Asafoetida, Nutmeg, Cinnamon, Clove.
(d) Astringents–Catechu.
(e) Drugs acting on nervous system-Hyoscyamus,
Belladonna, Aconite, Ashwagandha, Ephedra, Opium, Cannabis, Nux
vomica.
(f) Antihypertensives-Rauwolfia.
(g) Antitussives-Vasaka, Tolu balsam, Tulsi.
(h) Antirheumatics-Guggul, Colchicum.
(i) Antitumour-Vinca.
(j) Antileprotics-Chaulmoogra Oil.
(k) Antidiabetics -Pterocarpus, Gymnema, Sylvestro.
(l) Diuretics–Gokhru, Punarrnava.
(m) Antidysentrics-Ipecacuanha.
(n) Antiseptics and disinfectants Benzoin, Myrrh. Nim, curcuma.
(o) Antimalarials–Cinchona.
(p) Oxytocics-Ergot.
(q) Vitamines-Shark liver Oil and Amla.
(r) Enzymes-Papaya, Diastase, Yeast.
(s) Perfumes and flavouring agents –Peppermint
Oil, Lemon Oil, Orange Oil, Lemon grass Oil, Sandalwood.
(t) Pharmaceutical aids-Honey, Arachis Oil,
Starch, Kaolin, Pectin, Olive oil, Lanolin, Beeswax, Acacia, Tragacanth,
Sodium alginate, Agar, Guar gum, Gelatin.
(u) Miscellaneous –Liquorice, Garlic,
Picrorhiza, Dioscorea, Linseed, Shatavari, Shankhapusphi, Pyrethrum,
Tobacco.
6. Collection and preparation of crude drug for the market as exemplified by Ergot, opium, Rauwolfia, Digitalis, Senna.
7. Study of
source, preparation and identification of fibres used in sutures and
surgical dressings—cotton, silk, wool and regenerated fibre.
8. Gross anatomical studies of Senna, Datura, Cinnamon, Cinchona, Fennel, Clove, Ginger, Nux vomica & Ipecacuanha.
PRACTICAL (75 hours)
- Identification of drug by morphological characters.
- Physical and chemical tests for evaluation of drugs wherever applicable.
- Gross anatomical studies
(t.s) of the following drugs: Senna, Datura, Cinnamon, Cinchona,
Coriander, Fennel, Clove, Ginger, Nuxvomica, Ipecacuanha.
- Identification of fibres and surgical dressings.
1.4 BIOCHEMISTRY AND CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
Theory (50 hours)
- Introduction to biochemistry.
- Brief chemistry and role
of proteins, polypeptides and amino acids, classification, Qualitative
tests, Biological value, Deficiency diseases.
- Brief chemistry and role of Carbohydrates, Classification, qualitative tests, Diseases related to carbohydrate metabolism.
- Brief chemistry and role of Lipids, Classification, qualitative tests. Diseases related to lipids metabolism.
- Brief chemistry and role of Vitamins and Coenzymes.
- Role of minerals and water in life processes.
- Enzymes : Brief concept of enzymic action. Factors affecting it. Therapeutic and pharmaceutical importance.
- Brief concept of normal and abnormal metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.
- Introduction to pathology of blood and urine.
(a) Lymphocytes and Platelets, their role in health and disease.
(b) Erythrocytes Abnormal cells and their significance.
(c) Abnormal constituents of urine and their significance in diseases.
PRACTICAL (75 hours)
- Detection and identification of Proteins, Amino acids, Carbohydrates and lipids.
- Analysis of normal and
abnormal constituents of Blood and Urine (Glucose, Urea, Creatine,
creatinine, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase,
Bilirubin, SGPT, SGOT, Calcium,Diastase, Lipase).
- Examination of sputum and faeces (microscopic and staining).
- Practice in injecting drugs by intramuscular, subcutaneous and intravenous routes. Withdrawal of blood samples.
1.5 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
THEORY (75 hours)
- Scope of Anatomy and Physiology.
- Definition of various terms used in Anatomy
- Structure of cell, function of its components with special reference to mitochondria and microsomes.
- Elementary tissues of the body. i.e epithelial tissue, muscular tissue, connective tissue and nervous tissue.
- Structure and function of skeleton. Classification of joints and their function, Joint disorder.
- Composition of blood,
functions of blood elements. Blood group and coagulation of blood.
Brief information regarding disorders of blood.
- Name and functions of lymph glands.
- Structure and functions of
various parts of the heart. Arterial and venous systems with special
reference to the names and positions of main arteries and veins. Blood
pressure and its recording. Brief information about cardiovascular
disorders.
- Various parts of respiratory system and their functions. Physiology of respiration.
- Various parts of urinary
system and their functions, structure and functions of kidney.
Physiology of Urine formation. Pathophysiology of renal diseases and
oedema.
- Structure of skeletal
muscle. Physiology of muscle contraction, Names, position, attachments
and functions of various skeletal muscles. Physiology of neuromuscular
junction.
- Various parts of central
nervous system, brain and its parts, functions and reflex action.
Anatomy and Physiology of autonomic nervous system.
- Elementary knowledge of structure and functions of the organs of taste, smell, ear, eye and skin. Physiology of pain.
- Digestive system; names of
the various parts of digestive system and their functions. Structure
and functions of liver, physiology of digestion and absorption.
- Endocrine glands and Hormones. Locations of the glands, their hormones and functions. Pituitary, thyroid, Adrenal and Pancreas.
- Reproductive system -Physiology and Anatomy of Reproductive system.
PRACTICAL (50 hours)
1. Study of the human skeleton.
2. Study with the help of charts and models of the following systems and organs:
(a) Digestive system.
(b) Respiratory system.
(c) Cardiovascular system.
(d) Urinary system.
(e) Reproductive system.
(f) Nervous system.
(g) Eye.
(h) Ear.
3. Microscopic
examination of epithelial tissue, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle,
skeletal muscle. Connective tissue and nervous tissues.
4. Examination of blood films for TLC, DLC and malarial parasite.
5. Determination of clotting time of blood, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and Hemoglobin value.
6. Recording of body temperature, pulse, heart rate, blood pressure and ECG.
1.6 HEALTH EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY PHARMACY
Theory (50 hours)
1. Concept of
health —Definition of physical health, mental health, social health,
spiritual health determinants of health, indicators of health, concept
of disease, natural history of diseases, the disease agents, concept of
prevention of diseases.
2. Nutrition
and health—Classification of foods requirements, disease induced due to
deficiency of proteins, Vitamins and minerals –treatment and
prevention.
3. Demography
and family planning—Demography cycle, fertility, family planning,
contraceptive methods, behavioural methods, natural family planning
method, chemical method, mechanical methods, hormonal contraceptives,
population problem of India.
4. First
aid—Emergency treatment in shock, snake-bite, burns poisoning, heart
disease, fractures and resuscitation methods. Elements of minor surgery
and dressings.
5. Environment
and health –Sources of water supply, water pollution, purification of
water, health and air, noise light –solid waste disposal and control
–medical entomology, arthropod borne diseases and their control,
rodents, animals and diseases.
6. Fundamental
principles of microbiology classification of microbes, isolation,
staining techniques of organisms of common diseases.
7. Communicable diseases —Causative agents, modes of transmission and prevention.
(a) Respiratory infections—Chicken pox, measles. Influenza, diphtheria, whooping cough and tuberculosis.
(b) Intestinal infections: Poliomyelitis.
Hepatitis. Cholera. Typhoid, Food poisoning, Hookworm infection.
(c) Arthropod borne infections –plague, Malaria, Filariasis.
(d) Surface infections –Rabies, Trachoma, Tetanus, Leprosy.
(e) Sexually transmitted diseases ---Syphilis. Gonorrhoea. AIDS.
8. Non
–communicable diseases –Causative agents, prevention, care and control;
Cancer, Diabetes, Blindness, Cardiovascular diseases.
9.
Epidemiology– Its scope, methods, uses, dynamics of disease
transmission, immunity and immunization: Immunological products and
their dose schedule. Principles of disease control and prevention,
hospital acquired infection, prevention and control. Disinfection,
types of disinfection, disinfection procedures, for faeces, urine,
sputum, room linen, dead –bodies, instruments.
2.1 PHARMACEUTICS II Theory (75 hours)
1. Dispensing Pharmacy:
(i)
Prescriptions –Reading and understanding of prescription; Latin terms
commonly used (Detailed study is not necessary), Modern methods of
prescribing, adoption of metric system. Calculations involved in
dispensing.
(ii) Incompatibilities in Prescriptions
–Study of various types of incompatibilities –physical, chemical and
therapeutic.
(iii) Posology—Dose and Dosage of drugs,
Factors influencing dose, Calculations of doses on the basis of age,
sex and surface area. Veterinary doses.
2. Dispensed Medications:
(Note: A
detailed study of the following dispensed medication is necessary.
Methods of preparation with theoretical and practical aspects, use of
appropriate containers and closures. Special labelling requirements and
storage conditions should be high –lighted).
(i) Powders
–Types of powders –Advantages and disadvantages of powders, Granules,
Cachets and Tablet triturates. Preparation of different types of
powders encountered in prescriptions. Weighing methods, possible errors
in weighing, minimum weighable amounts and weighing of material below
the minimum weighable amount, geometric dilution and proper usage and
care of dispensing balance.
(ii) Liquid Oral Dosage Forms:
(a).
Monophasic–Theoretical aspects including commonly used vehicles,
essential adjuvant like stabilizers, colourants and flavours, with
examples. Review of the following monophasic liquids with details of
formulation and practical methods..
Liquids for internal administration
|
Liquids for external administration or used on mucus membranes.
|
Mixtures and concentrates
|
Gargles
|
Syrups
|
Mouth washes
Throat –paints
Douches
|
Elixirs
|
Ear Drops
Nasal drops & Sprays Liniments
Lotions.
|
|
|
|
|
(b) Biphasic Liquid Dosage Forms:
(i)
Suspension (elementary study)----Suspensions containing diffusible
solids and liquids and their preparations. Study of the adjuvants used
like thickening agents, wetting agents, their necessity and quantity to
be incorporated. Suspensions of precipitate forming liquids like,
tinctures, their preparations and stability. Suspensions produced by
chemical reaction. An introduction to flocculated, non-flocculated
suspension system.
(ii) Emulsions –Types
of emulsions, identification of emulsion system, formulation of
emulsions, selection of emulsifying agents. Instabilities in emulsions.
Preservation of emulsions.
(iii) Semi –Solid Dosage Forms:
(a) Ointments–Types of
ointments, classification and selection of dermatological vehicles.
Preparation and stability of ointments by the following processes:
(i) Trituration (ii) Fusion (iii) Chemical reaction (iv) Emulsification.
(b) Pastes--- Difference between ointments and pastes, bases of pastes. Preparation of pastes and their preservation.
(c) Jellies –An introduction to the different types of jellies and their preparation.
(d) An elementary study of poultice.
(e) Suppositories and
pessaries –Their relative merits and demerits, types of suppositories,
suppository bases, classification, properties, Preparation and packing
of suppositories. Use of suppositories for drug absorption.
(iv) Dental and Cosmetic Preparations:
Introduction to Dentrifices, Facial cosmetics, Deodorants, Antiperspirants, Shampoos, Hair dressing and Hair removers.
- (v) Sterile Dosage Forms:
- (a) Parenteral dosage
forms—Definitions, General requirements for parenteral dosage forms.
Types of parenteral formulations, vehicles, adjuvants, processing,
personnel, facilities and Quality control. Preparation of Intravenous
fluids and admixtures –Total parenteral nutrition, Dialysis fluids.
- (b) Sterility testing, Particulate matter monitoring –Faulty seal packaging.
- (c) Ophthalmic Products
–Study of essential characteristics of different ophthalmic
preparations. Formulation additives, special precautions in handling
and storage of ophthalmic products.
PRACTICAL (100 hours)Dispensing
of at least 100 products covering a wide range of preparations such
as mixtures, emulsions, lotions, liniments, E.N.T, preparations,
ointments, suppositories, powders, incompatible prescriptions etc.
Books recommended :(Latest editions)
1. Indian Pharmacopoeia.
2. British Pharmacopoeia.
3. National Formularies (N.F.I, B.N.F)
4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
5. Martindale Extra Pharmacopoeia.
2.2 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTY II,
Theory (100 hours)
1. Introduction to the
nomenclature of organic chemical systems with particular reference to
heterocyclic system containing up to 3 rings.2. The Chemistry of
following Pharmaceutical organic compounds, covering their nomenclature,
chemical structure, uses and the important Physical and Chemical
properties (Chemical structure of only those compounds marked with
asterisk (*).The stability and storage conditions and the different
type of Pharmaceutical formulations of these drugs and their popular
brand names.Antiseptics and Disinfectants –Proflavine, *
Benzalkoniumchloride, Cetrimide, Chlorocresol*, Chloroxylene,
Formaldehyde solution, Hexachlorophene, Liquified phenol,
Nitrofurantoin.Sulfonamides-Sulfadiazine, Sulfaguanidine*,
Phthalysulfathiazole, Succinylsulfathiazole, Sulfadimethoxine,
Sulfamethoxypridazine, Sulfamethoxazole, co-trimoxazole,
Sulfacetamide*.Antileprotic Drugs –Clofazimine, Thiambutosine,
Dapsone*, Solapsone.Anti-tubercular Drugs –Isoniazid*, PAS*,
Streptomycin, Rifampicin, Ethambutol*, Thiacetazone, Ethionamide,
Cycloserine, Pyrazinamide*.Antiamoebic and Anthelmintic Drugs- Emetine,
Metronidazole*, Halogenated hydroxyquinolines, diloxanidefuroate,
Paramomycin Piperazine*, Mebendazole, D.E.C*,.Antibiotics –Benzyl
Penicillin*, Phenoxy methyl Penicillin*, Benzathine Penicillin
Ampicillin*, Cloxacillin, Carbenicillin, Gentamicin, Neomycin ,
Erythromycin , Tetracycline, Cephalexin, Cephaloridine , Cephalothin,
Griseofulvin , Chloramphenicol.Antifungal agents –Undecylenic acid,
Tolnaftate, Nystatin, Amphotericin, Hamycin.Antimalarial Drugs
–Chloroquine*, Amodiaquine, Primaquine, Proguanil, Pyrimethamine*,
Quinine, Trimethoprim.Tranquilizers –Chlorpromazine*, Prochlorperazine,
TrifluoPerazine, Thiothixene, Haloperidol*, Triperidol, Oxypertine,
Chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam*, Lorazepam,
Meprobamate.Hypnotics—Phenobarbitone*, Butobarbitone, Cyclobarbitone,
Nitrazepam, Glutethimide*, Methyprylone, Paraldehyde, Triclofos
sodium.General Anaesthetics –Halothane*, Cyclopropane*, Diethyl ether*,
Methohexital sodium, Thiopental sodium,
Trichloroethyelene.Antidepressant Drugs—Amitriptyline, Nortryptyline,
Imipramine *, Phenelzine, Tranylcypromine.Analeptics –Theophylline,
Caffeine*, Coramine*, Dextroamphetamine.Adrenergic Drugs –Adrenaline*,
Noradrenaline, Isoprenaline*, Phenylephrine Salbutamol, Terbutaline,
Ephedrine *, Pseudoephedrine.Adrenergic Antagoinst –Tolazoline,
Propranolol*, Practolol.Cholinergic Drugs –Neostigmine*, Pyridostigmine,
Pralidoxime, Pilocarpine, Physostigmine*.Cholinergic Antagonists
–Atropine*, Hysocine, Homatropine, Propantheline*, Benztrophine,
Tropicamide, Biperiden.*Diuretic Drugs –Furosemide*, Chlorothiazide,
Hydrochlorothaizide*, Benzthiazide, Urea*, Mannitol *, Ethacrynic
Acid.Cardiovascular Drugs –Ethyl nitrite*, Glyceryl trinitrate, Alpha
methyl dopa, Guanethidine, Clofibrate, Quinidine.Hypoglycemic Agents
–Insulin, Chlorpropamide*, Tolbutamide, Glibenclamide, Phenformin *,
Metformin.Coagulants and Anti –Coagulants –Heparin, Thrombin,
Menadione*, Bishydroxycoumarin, Warfarin Sodium.Local Anaesthetics
–Lignocaine*, Procaine*, Benzocaine.Histamine and Anti–histaminic
Agents-Histamine, Diphenhydramine*, Promethazine, Cyproheptadine,
Mepyramine, Pheniramine, Chlorpheniramine*.Analgesics and
Anti-pyretics–Morphin, Pethidine*, Codeine, Methadone, Aspirin*,
Paracetamol*, Analgin, Dextropropoxyphene, Pentazocine.Non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory Agents –Indomethacin*, phenylbutazone*,
Oxyphenbutazone, Ibuprofen, Thyroxine and Antithyroids –Thyroxine*,
Methimazole, Methylthiouracil, Propylthiouracil.Diagnostic
Agents-Iopanoic Acid, Propyliodone, Sulfobromophthalein. Sodium
indigotindisulfonate, Indigo Carmine, Evans blue, Congo Red,
Fluorescein Sodium .*Anticonvulsants, cardiac glycosides,
Antiarrhythmic antihypertensives & vitamins.Steroidal Drugs
–Betamethazone, Cortisone, Hydrocortisone, prednisolone, Progesterone,
Testosterone, Oestradiol, Nandrolone.Anti- Neoplastic Drugs
–Actinomycins, Azathioprine, Busulphan, Chlorambucil, Cisplatin
cyclophosphamide, Daunorubicin hydrochloride, Fluorouracil,
Mercaptopurine, Methotrexate, Mytomycin.
Books Recommended :(Latest editions)
1. Pharmocopoeia of India.
2. British Pharmaceutical Codex.
3. Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia.
PRACTICAL (75 hours)
1. Systematic qualitative
testing of organic drugs involving Solubility determination, melting
point and boiling point, detection of elements and functional groups
(10 compounds).
2. Official identification test for
certain groups of drugs included in the I.P like barbiturates,
sulfonamides, phenothiazine, Antibiotic etc (8 compounds).
3. Preparation of three simple organic preparations.
2.3 PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY
Theory (75 hours)
1. Introduction to Pharmacology, scope of Pharmacology.
2. Routes of administration of drugs, their advantages and disadvantages.
3. Various processes of absorption of
drugs and the factors affecting them, Metabolism, distribution and
excretion of drugs.
4. General mechanism of drugs action and the factors which modify drug action.
5. Pharmacological classification of
drugs. The discussion of drugs should emphasise the following aspect:
(i)Drugs acting on
the Central Nervous System:(a) General anaesthetics, adjunction to
anaesthesia, intravenuous anasesthetics.(b) Analgesic antipyretics and
non-steroidal anti –inflammatory drugs, Narcotic analgesics,
Antirheumatic and antigout remedies, Sedatives and Hypnotics,
Psychopharmacological agents, anti convulsants, analeptics.(c)
Centrally acting muscle relaxants and anti parkinsonism agents(ii)
Local anaesthetics.(iii) Drug acting on autonomic nervous system.(a)
Cholinergic drug, Anticholinergic drugs, anti cholinesterase drugs.(b)
Adrenergic drugs and adrenergic recepter blockers.(c) Neurones
blockers and ganglion blockers.(d) Neuromuscular blockers, drugs used
in myasthenia gravis.(iv) Drugs acting on eye, mydriatics, drugs used
in glaucoma.(v) Drugs acting on respiratory system –Respiratory
stimulants, Bronchodilators, Nasal decongestants, Expectorants and
Antitussive agents.(vi)Antacids, Physiological role of histamine and
serotonin, Histamine and Antihistamines, Prostaglandins.(vii) Cardio
Vascular drugs, Cardiotonics, Antiarrhythmic agents, Antianginal
agents, Antihypertensive agents, Peripheral Vasodilators and drugs used
in atherosclerosis.(viii) Drugs acting on the blood and blood forming
organs. Haematinics, Coagulants and anti Coagulants, Haemostatics,
Blood substitutes and plasma expanders.(ix) Drugs affecting renal
function-Diuretics and antidiuretics.(x) Hormones and hormone
antagonists –hypoglycemic agents, Antithyroid drugs, sex hormones and
oral contraceptives, corticosteroids.(xi) Drugs acting on digestive
system-Carminatives, digestants Bitters, Antacids and drugs used in
Peptic ulcer, purgatives, and laxatives, Antidiarrhoeals, Emetics,
Antiemetics, Anti-spasmodics.Chemotherapy of microbial disease ;Urinary
antiseptics, Sulphonamides, Penicillins, Streptomycin, Tetracylines
and other antibiotics, Antitubercular agents, Antifungal agents,
antiviral drugs, antileprotic drugs.
6. Chemotherapy of protozoal diseases Anthelmintic drugs.
7. Chemotherapy of cancer.
8. Disinfectants and antiseptics.
A detailed study of the action of drugs on each organ is not necessary.
PHARMACOLOGY PRACTICAL
(50 hours)
The first six of the following
experiments will be done by the students while the remaining will be
demonstrated by the teacher.
1. Effect of K+, Ca++, acetylcholine and adrenaline on frog’s heart.
2. Effect of acetylcholine on rectus abdominis muscle of Frog and guinea pig ileum.
3. Effect on spasmogens and relaxants on rabbits intestine.
4. Effect of local anaesthetics on rabbit cornea.
5. Effect of mydriatics and miotics on rabbits eye.
6. To study the action of strychnine on frog.
7. Effect of digitalis on frog’s heart.
8. Effect of hypnotics in mice.
9. Effect of convulsants and anticonvulsant in mice or rats.
10. Test for pyrogen.
11. Taming and hypnosis potentiating effect of chlorpromazine in mice/rats.
12. Effect of diphenhydramine in experimentally produced asthma in guinea pigs.
2.4 PHARMACEUTICAL JURISPRUDENCE
Theory (50 hours)
1. Origin and nature of
Pharmaceutical legislation in India, its scope and objectives.
Evolution of the “Concept of Pharmacy” as an integral part of the Health
Care System.
2. Principles and
significance of Professional Ethics. Critical study of the code of
Pharmaceutical Ethics drafted by Pharmacy Council of India.
3. Pharmacy Act, 1948 –The
General study of the Pharmacy Act with special reference to Education
Regulations, working of State and Central Councils, constitution of
these councils and functions, Registration procedures under the Act.
4. The Drugs and Cosmetics
Act, 1940—General study of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act and the Rules
thereunder. Definitions and salient features related to retail and
wholesale distribution of drugs. The powers of Inspectors, the sampling
procedures and the procedure and formalities in obtaining licences
under the rule. Facilities to be provided for running a Pharmacy
effectively. General study of the Schedules with special reference of
schedules C, C1, F, G, J, H, P and X and salient features of labelling
and storage condition of drugs.
5. The Drug and Magic
Remedies (Objectionable Advertisement) Act, 1945-General study of the
Act Objectives, special reference to be laid on Advertisements. Magic
remedies and objectionable and permitted advertisements –disease which
cannot be claimed to be cured.
6. Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985-A brief study of the act with special
reference to its objectives, offences and punishment.
7. Brief introduction to the study of the following acts.
1. Latest Drugs (Price Control) Order in force.
2. Poisons Act 1919 (as amended to date)
3. Medicinal and Toilet Preparations (Excise Duties) Act, 1995 (as amended to date)
4. Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 (as amended to date)
BOOKS RECOMMENDED (Latest edition)
Bare Acts of the said laws published by Government.
2.5 DRUG STORE AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Theory (75 hours)Part –I Commerce (50 hours)
1. Introduction-Trade,
Industry and Commerce, Functions and subdivision of Commerce,
Introduction of Elements of Economics and Management.
2. Forms of Business Organisations.
3. Channels of Distribution.
4. Drug House Management –Selection of Site, Space Lay-out and legal requirements.
Importance and objectives of
Purchasing, selection of suppliers, credit information, tenders,
contracts and price determination and legal requirements, there
to.Codification, handling of drug stores and other hospital supplies.
5. Inventory Control
–objects and importance, modern techniques like ABC, VED analysis, the
lead time, inventory carrying cost, safety stock, minimum and maximum
stock levels, economic order quantity, scrap and surplus disposal.
6. Sales Promotion, Market Research, Salesmanship, qualities of a salesman, Advertising and Window Display.
7. Recruitment, training, evaluation and compensation of the pharmacist.
8 Banking and Finance Service and functions of the bank, Finance Planning and sources of finance.
Part –II Accountancy (25 hours)
1. Introduction to the accounting concepts and conventions, Double entry Book keeping, Different kinds of accounts.
2. Cash Book.
3. General Ledger and Trial Balance.
4. Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet.
5. Simple technique of analysing financial statements.
Introduction to Budgetting.
Books Recommended (Latest edition)
- Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
2.6 HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL PHARMACY
Theory (75 hours)
Part –I :Hospital Pharmacy:
1. Hospitals Definition,
Function, Classifications based on various criteria, organisation,
Management and Health delivery system in India.
2. Hospital Pharmacy:
(a) Definition
(b) Functions and objectives of Hospital Pharmaceutical services.
(c) Location, Layout, Flow chart of material and men.
(d) Personnel and facilities requirements
including equipments based on individual and basic needs.
(e) Requirements and abilities required for Hospital pharmacists.
3. Drug Distribution system in Hospitals:
(a) Out –patient services
(b) In-patient services –(a)
types of services (b) detailed discussion of unit Dose system, Floor
ward stock system, Satellite pharmacy services, Central sterile
services, Bed Side Pharmacy.
4. Manufacturing:
(a) Economical considerations, estimation of demand.
(b) Sterile manufacture-large and small
volume parenterals, facilities, requirements, layout production
planning, man-power requirements.
(c) Non-sterile manufacture –Liquid orals, externals-bulk concentrates.
(d) Procurement of stores and testing of raw materials.
5. Nomenclature and uses of surgical instruments and Hospital Equipments and health accessories.
6. P.T.C (Pharmacy Therapeutic Committee), Hospital Formulary System and their organisation, functioning, composition.
7. Drug Information service and Drug Information Bulletin.
8. Surgical dressing like
cotton, gauze, bandages and adhesive tapes including their
pharmacopoeial tests for quality. Other hospital supply e.g I.V sets
B.G sets, Ryals tubes, Catheters, Syringes etc.
9. Application of computer in
maintenance of records, inventory control, medication monitoring, drug
information and data storage and retrieval in hospital and retail
pharmacy establishments.
Part –II : Clinical Pharmacy.
1. Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy Practice –Definition, scope.
2. Modern dispensing aspects –Pharmacists and Patient counselling and advice for the use of common drugs, medication history.
3. Common daily terminology used in the Practice of Medicine.
4. Disease, manifestation and
pathophysiology including salient symptoms to understand the disease
like Tuberculosis, Hepatitis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cardiovascular
diseases, Epilepsy, Diabetes, Peptic Ulcer, Hypertension.
5. Physiological parameters with their significance .
6. Drug Interactions:
(a) Definition and introduction.
(b) Mechanism of Drug Interaction.
(c) Drug –drug interaction with
reference to analgesics, diuretics, cardiovascular drugs,
Gastro-intestinal agents, Vitamins and Hypoglycemic agents.
(d) Drug –food interaction.
7. Adverse Drug Reactions.:
(a) Definition and Significance.
(b) Drug –induced diseases and Teratogenicity.
8. Drugs in Clinical
Toxicity –Introduction, general treatment of poisoning, systematic
antidotes. Treatment of insecticide poisoning, heavy metal poison,
Narcotic drugs, Barbiturate, Organophosphours poisons.
9. Drug dependences, Drug abuse, addictive drugs and their treatment, complications.
10. Bio–availability of drugs, including factors affecting it.
Books recommended (Latest editions)
1. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
2. Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia
PRACTICAL (50 hours)
1. Preparation of transfusion fluids.
2. Testing of raw materials used in (1).
3. Evaluation of surgical dressings.
4. Sterilization of surgical instruments, glass ware and other hospital supplies.
5. Handling and use of data processing equipments.
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